السياسات الإصلاحية للحكومات العراقية للحد من الفقر بعد عام 2014

محتوى المقالة الرئيسي

م.د. ناصر كاظم

الملخص

     الفقر هو نتيجة للمشكلات الأساسية الخطيرة التي عانى منها الشعب العراقي طوال عقود عديدة ،  فقد ادت الحروب المتواصلة والحصار الإقتصادي الذي عاني منه الشعب العراقي طوال حقبة التسعينيات الى تفشي ظاهرة الفقر في العراق ،مما  ادى الى تدهور البنى التحتية ، الإجتماعية والإقتصادية بشكل كبير كانت تداعياته خطيرة على الفرد العراقي .


     وبعد عام 2003 وعلى اثر انهيار النظام الشمولي في العراق، تردى الوضع بشكل اسوء وازدادت نسب الفقر نتيجة عوامل عديدة اهمها المحاصصة ، والإرهاب، والبطالة ، وتوقف البنى التشغيلية بسبب سوء السياسات الإقتصادية للحكومات المتعاقبة وسوء في الإدارة والتوزيع للموارد الطبيعية في العراق وتحول العراق على اثرها الى دولة ريعية تعتمد على النفط وحده. وحاولت الحكومات المتعاقبة وضع استراتيجيات للحد من ظاهرة الفقر، وفق سياسات اصلاحية تراوحت بين البرامج والخطط  .

تفاصيل المقالة

القسم

المقالات

كيفية الاقتباس

السياسات الإصلاحية للحكومات العراقية للحد من الفقر بعد عام 2014. (2023). مجلة ابحاث ميسان, 19(37), 142-173. https://jmr.uomisan.edu.iq/index.php/jmr/article/view/159

المراجع

- The Iraqi Constitution of 2005, Article 122.

Reports

- Voluntary report on sustainable development in Iraq for 2018

Iraqi Strategic Report (2012-2013), Hammurabi Center for Research and Strategic Studies,

- Central Statistical Organization, 2018

- The report of the United Nations Development Program in Iraq from 2020-2022, entitled The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Iraqi Economy,

- The United Nations, the devaluation of the Iraqi dinar and the price of the food basket, World Food Program, New York 2020,

- Voluntary report on the sustainable development goals 2019

- The Right to Education, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Iraq, January 24

Books

- Akram Nima Ali Al-Jayashi, Sovereign Debt Crises, Their Causes and Paths, The Eurozone and Iraq as a Model, Iraq Center for Studies, 1st edition, 2018.

- Ahmad Maan al-Tabaqjali, Iraq’s debts, an overview of the state of debts, its origins and its future, Al-Bayan Center for Studies and Planning, Baghdad, 2018.

- Armatia Sun, Development is Freedom, translated and presented by Shawky Galal, the Egyptian Book Authority, Cairo, 2010.

- Adnan Daoud Muhammad, Huda Zuwer Mikhlif, Measuring Indicators of Poverty in the Arab World, Dar Jarir Publications, 1st edition, Amman, Jordan, 2010.

- Abdul Rahman Muhammad Al-Issawi, Analysis of the Poverty Phenomenon, Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications, Cairo, 2009.

- Karim Abd Hamza, The Problem of Poverty and Its Social Repercussions in Iraq, House of Wisdom Publications, Baghdad, 2011,

-Zaid Al-Ali and Youssef Auf, The Iraqi Constitution, An Analysis of Controversial Points, Solutions and Proposals, Amman, Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung, 1st Edition, 2020.

- Azraa Kazem Hanoun, Legal Treatment for the Phenomenon of Unemployment, Wasit Journal for Human Sciences, Issue 22, 2020.

- Muqaddam Al-Shaibani, The reality of health in Iraq and ways to advance it (preliminary reading), Al-Bayan Center for Studies and Planning, 2014.

- Saad Al-Kindi, The Spread of the Drug Phenomenon in Iraq, Center for Strategic Studies, University of Karbala, 2018.

- Nabil Abdel-Rida and others, Fingerprints of Chaos, The Legacy of the American Occupation in Iraq, Hammurabi Research Center

Patrols

- Ahmed Abdul-Amir Al-Anbari, The Government of Dr. Haider Al-Abadi, Challenges of Reform and Available Opportunities, Center for Strategic and International Studies, University of Baghdad, Journal of International Studies, Issue (69), 2017,

- Bushra Ramadan Yassin, Indicators of Poverty and its Trends from 2007 to 2017, Medad Al-Adab's Journal, special issue for conferences, University of Basra, College of Education for Human Sciences,

- Haider Adel Sadeq, Hamdiya Shaker Muslim, Employing government spending and analyzing its effectiveness: a descriptive and analytical study in the Ministry of Health, Dijla College Journal, Issue (1), Volume (6), January 2023.

- Fatima Rushdi, The Impact of Population Growth on Economic Development, Journal of Human Sciences, Issue (3), Umm El-Bouaghi University, Algeria, 2020,

- Ammar Saadoun Salman, The Role of International Efforts in Supporting Development, The Political and International Journal, Al-Mustansiriya University, Sixteenth Year, Issue 53, December, 2022,

- Adnan Abdul Amir Mahdi, Unemployment and Poverty in Iraq after 2003, Dar Amjad for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, 2021,

- Adnan Abdul Amir Mahdi, Public policies and sustainable human development in Iraq, reality, challenges and the future, Amjad House for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Amman, Jordan, 2021.

- Zaydoon Al-Kinani, Addressing Illiteracy Eradication in Iraq, Iraq Policy Program, Al-Bayan Center for Strategic Studies, Baghdad, December 2020,

Theses and Dissertations

- Amenh Dakhil a Muslim, policies to combat poverty and achieve social cohesion in Iraq after 2006, PhD thesis (unpublished), University of Baghdad, College of Political Science, 2022.

- Muhammad Saeed Kazem, Indicators of Human Poverty for Families Headed by Women (A Field Study in the City of Baghdad), PhD thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2006, p. 61.

- Raji Mohil Hilil Al-Khafaji, Measurement and Analysis of the Poverty Phenomenon and its Relationship to Disparity in Income Distribution in the Iraqi Economy for the Period 1997-2007, College of Administration and Economic, Al-Mustansiriya University, Master Thesis, 2009, pp. 2-3.

Websites

- Walid Khadduri, Poverty increased in Iraq after 2003 due to waste and corruption, from Al-Arabiya TV, website https://aawsat.com/home/article/2159946/ on March 3, 2021

- The French channel ((france24), oil prices are dropping to their lowest levels in 17 years with the exacerbation of the Corona pandemic, from the site,

https://www.france24.com/ar/ 20200330

- White paper's file The complete for economic reform, from the following website: https://www.nasnews.com/view.php?cat=42608 on 10/13/2020.

- UNICEF and the Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) from the following website: https://www.unicef.org/ar/

- Ministry of Planning, Poverty Alleviation Strategy in Iraq for the years 2018-2022, p. 50.

- Muhammad al-Ta’i, (3) years on ISIS in Iraq, the outcome of blood and destruction, The New Arab from the website: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/3 on June 17/2017.

- The Republic of Iraq, the General Secretariat of the Prime Ministry, the government program in the ministries' action plan for the period (2014-2018), the main strategic axes, from the website: http://www.cabinet.iq/ArticleShow.aspx?ID=5240 in 16 /9/2014.

- Al-Jazeera Channel, why did the Central Bank reduce the value of the Iraqi dinar, from the website, https://www.aljazeera.net/ebusiness/2020/12/20/ on 10/20/2020

- Ammar Al-Hamidawi, What happened to the 350 billion dollars that fled from Iraq over the past 17 years, French Channel (24) from the website: https://www.france24.com/ar, on March 31 / 2021.

- Shafaq News Agency: Planning, 4,000 random compounds in Iraq, a quarter of which are in Baghdad, according to the official spokesman of the Ministry of Planning, from the website: https://shafaq.com/ar, on 8/19/2021.

- Linda Al-Marqabi, Private Colleges in Numbers, Numerical Proliferation and Decrease in Quality Exit Generations of Unemployed, from the website: https://www.sotaliraq.com/2022/11/20/

- Mustafa Goran, Ministry of Planning, the poverty rate in Iraq is witnessing an increase since the emergence of ISIS, quoting from an interview with the spokesman for the Ministry of Planning, Abdul Zahra Al-Hindawi, on Rudaw channel on 10/9/2016

From the electronic link: https://www.rudawarbia.net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/091020162

- Saad Al-Kindi, The Spread of the Drug Phenomenon in Iraq, Center for Strategic Studies, Karbala University, 2018 from the website: http://kerbalacss.uokerbala.edu.iq/wp/blog/2018/02/22

- Haider Hussein Al Tohme, The Iraqi Economy in 2021, College of Administration and Economics, University of Karbala, from the website https://business.uokerbala.edu.iq/wp/archives/15624 on 12/31/2021.

And Strategic Studies, 1st edition, 2013

- Nassar Al-Hajj, Advisor to the Prime Minister, Determines the Total Public Debt, Iraqi News Agency, from the website, https://www.ina.iq/175786--.html on 15/1/2023.

- Najla Shimon Shlimon and others, economic reform within the framework of the white paper of the government of Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, Al-Furat Center for Development and Strategic Studies, from the website: http://fcdrs.com/economical/1475 on 11/26/202

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